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這是老師出的作業,試著舉例看看。

有效論証(前提為真,結論必為真)

 

型式:凡ABCA,故CB

                     A                    B                 C               A                   C                  B

1:凡(金屬)是(堅硬的)(鐵)是(金屬),故(鐵)是(堅硬的)

                                                                                                     

2:凡(球)是(橢圓型的)(橄欖球)是(球),故(橄欖球)是(橢圓形的)

                                                                                                                 

3:凡(蔬菜)是(綠色的)(紅蘿蔔)是(蔬菜),故(紅蘿蔔)是(綠色的)

                                                                                                                      

4:凡(車子)是(有輪子)(磁浮車)是(車子),故(磁浮車)是(有輪子)

                                                                                                                     

 

 

 

無效論証(前提為真,結論有時真,有時假)

 

型式:凡ABCB,故CA

                     A                   B                      C                     B                          C                  A

1:凡(小偷)是(有罪的)(殺人犯)是(有罪的),故(殺人犯)是(小偷)

                                                                                                                          

2:凡(海)是(藍色的)(天空)是(藍色的),故(天空)是(海)

                                                                                                              

3:凡(動物)是(有四隻腿)(狗)是(有四隻腿),故(狗)是(動物)

                                                                                                                  

4:凡(口紅)是(化妝品)(睫毛膏)是(化妝品),故(睫毛膏)是(口紅)

                                                                                                                          

 

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